September 2006


heads=32 cylinders=827 partition=/dev/hda1 start=63 partition=/dev/hda2 start=153216 partition=/dev/hda3 start=219744 This example defines the geometry for the first disk drive, which normally has the BIOS address of hexadecimal 80. The sectors, heads, and cylinders of the disk are defined. In the example, the linear address for the start of each partition is also given. This is an extreme example of defining the disk drive for the system; I have never had to do this. The append command is another LILO option related to defining hardware. (I have used this one.) The append option passes a configuration parameter to the kernel. The parameter is a kernel-specific option used to identify hardware that the system failed to automatically detect. For example: append = “ether=10,0×210,eth0″ This sample command tells the kernel the nonstandard configuration of an Ethernet card. This particular option line says that the Ethernet device eth0 uses IRQ 10 and I/O port address 210. (The format of the parameters that can be passed to the kernel is covered in “The Linux Boot Prompt,” later in this chapter.) Linux is very good at detecting the configuration of Ethernet hardware, and software-configurable cards are good at reporting their settings. Additionally, new PCI cards do not require all of these configuration values. By and large, kernel parameters are not needed to boot the system. However, this capability exists for those times when you do need it. LILO Boot Security Two LILO configuration commands enhance the security of a network server. If the server is in an unsecured area, it is possible for an intruder to reboot the system and gain unauthorized access. For example, an intruder could reboot the server into single-user mode and essentially have password-free root access to part of the system. (More about single-user mode later. For now, just take my word that this can be done.) To prevent this, add the password and the restricted options to the lilo.conf file. The password option defines a password that must be entered to reboot the system. The password is stored in the configuration file in an unencrypted format, so make sure the lilo.conf file can be read only by the root user. The restricted option softens the security a little. It says that the password is required only when passing parameters to the system during a boot. For example, if you attempt to pass the parameter single to the system to get it to boot into single-user mode, you must provide the password. Always add the restrict option when using the password option in a server’s lilo.conf file. Using password without restrict can cause the server to hang during the boot until the password is entered. If the server console is unattended, the boot can hang for an extended period of time. Using restrict with the password option ensures that the system reboots quickly after a crash, while providing adequate protection from unauthorized access through the console. 20
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