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Setting up the GUI If you don’t find your monitor in the list, you can enter the horizontal and vertical sync information in the textbox entries at the bottom of the screen instead. The video card and the monitor type allow Red Hat to formulate a list of video modes that can be supported on your computer. The video mode is determined by the screen resolution and the color depth (number of colors) in which objects can be shown on screen. The available color depth and resolution choices are displayed by Red Hat Linux in the next screen: While you can test the chosen setting using the Test Setting button, be aware that for graphic cards with partial support by the X-server, improper modes can crash the system and leave the installation process unfinished. If you’re not sure about the compatibility of the chosen video card with the X server, you can skip the X configuration and configure it after the installation is finished. Red Hat Linux also offers you a choice between booting into a text-based interface and a graphical interface. If you haven’t had any issues with your graphics card in the installation process until now, you should accept the pre-selected setting of a graphical login. 35

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Setting up the GUI When you insert the disk and confirm the creation, the installer starts the boot disk creation process. When the boot disk has been created, you should take it out of the floppy drive, label it, and put it in a safe place. Setting up the GUI The final step of the installation process is to set up the graphical interface (X) for your computer: Red Hat Linux should normally be able to detect the type of your video card and select it for you, and it is quite safe to accept the default values. If you want to be sure that it’s got the right configuration, check the setting here against the make, model, and RAM you noted in your hardware checklist, and adjust as necessary. Note Note that if you try experimenting with graphics modes during the X server configuration, you run the risk of crashing the computer, leaving the installation process unfinished. If you have any element of doubt regarding the compatibility of your video card with Red Hat Linux, you should probably skip the X-server installation process by checking the Skip X configuration checkbox at the bottom of the screen. You can always configure the X server after the installation. If you can’t find your video card in the list, you should skip the X server configuration. It’s possible to configure your graphics card after the installation. Alternatively, you can try using the generic VESA card from the given list, which is likely to work with most of the unsupported video cards. Red Hat Linux then proceeds to detect the type of monitor being used. The monitor detected during installation will be highlighted on the screen as shown: 34

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Creating a Boot Disk Creating a Boot Disk With all the software packages installed, we go on to the screen shown opposite. Here, you are asked whether you would like to create a boot disk for your computer. A boot disk is a safety measure against problems that might occur in the boot loader. For example, installation of another operating system in the computer might overwrite the Red Hat Linux boot loader, GRUB - if that happened, it would be impossible to boot back into Linux. The boot disk helps us tackle such situations by providing an alternative way to boot into Linux. You don’t have to create a boot disk, but we recommend that you do (unless you already have a boot disk from a previous installation of this particular operating system): The installer asks you to insert a suitable floppy disk for the boot disk creation process. Remember that the installation process overwrites all the contents of the disk, so you should provide a blank floppy disk or one that doesn’t contain any important files: 33

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The Automatic Installation Process You don’t have to fiddle with the choice of installed packages here - it’s easy to add and remove packages after the installation is complete, as we’ll see in Chapter 4. So, to keep things simple, we’ll select the Accept the current packages list option here, and proceed to the next screen. The Automatic Installation Process The Red Hat Linux graphical installation tool has now collected all the information that it needs to begin the installation. The next screen prompts you to begin the software installation: The software package installation is mostly automatic; the only thing you’ll need to do at this stage is change the CD a couple of times (when prompted to do so) and admire the photographs that are displayed while the necessary packages are installed. Before the software is installed, the installation process formats all the partitions that are supposed to hold these data. Then, the installation process continues by installing the software packages. Progress bars display the total time taken so far, and the estimated time of the software installation: 32

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Selecting Packages for Installation account, and that to do so you log in by specifying the user account’s name and a password. Every user account on the system has its own password, and the root user (or superuser) is no different in this respect. In this screen, you are asked to supply the root user’s password: Of course, you are asked to type the password twice, to confirm that you didn’t mistype the first time. Type the password carefully each time to make sure you type it correctly. You might encounter a message that tells you that the password is too short or too simple. This is a security feature, designed to remind you of the importance of choosing an unguessable password. If you consider your chosen password to be adequate for your needs, you can ignore these messages. However, for the sake of security you should make an effort to set an uncommon password for the superuser account. We’ll talk more about password security (and the techniques that people use for breaking passwords) in Chapters 8 and 12. Selecting Packages for Installation Now, you have an opportunity to choose the software packages that you want installed along with the system. Red Hat Linux has already chosen a combination of software packages for the installation type that you selected at the beginning of the installation process. If you want to fine-tune the package selection, you can do so here by selecting the Customize… option: 31

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Setting the Time Zone Normally, it is safe to continue to the next screen after accepting the defaults that are offered by Red Hat Linux. Setting the Time Zone In the next screen, you can set the time zone of your location: Red Hat provides a very usable graphical method for intuitively selecting your time zone. To use it, bring your cursor to any point of the displayed world map - this allows you to set the time zone of your computer to that of the selected region. A green sticky arrow in the mouse cursor makes the job easier by selecting the city time zone nearest to the cursor. In the screenshot above, we have set the time zone to that of New York. Note the option at the bottom of the screen to enable UTC time in the computer clock. This allows the system to run with correct timezone and daylight saving changes. (Note that you shouldn’t use this if you have a dual-boot machine that also boots Windows.) Root Account Configuration By default, the installation process creates a single administrative user account for your machine, called root. We’ll learn more about the system’s users in subsequent chapters of the book - particularly Chapter 8. For now all you need to know is that whenever you use the system, you do so through the context of a user 30

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Setting Additional Language Support You can also customize the firewall rules within these different levels of security. Red Hat Linux allows you to select the trusted devices - network interfaces that are expected to carry traffic from sources that you can trust blindly. In a home network this would generally be the interface card connected to the rest of your home network. You should definitely not mark your Internet interfaces as trusted, unless you are absolutely sure about your security needs. Apart from these devices, this screen also allows you to specify network services that external network identities will be able to access from your computer. To be on the safe side, select only the services that you actually expect to be used, and that do not have insecure software behind them. For example: SSH (Secure Shell) allows you to work on a remote machine while ensuring that the data exchanged in the process is kept encrypted and secure. It is generally safe for SSH servers to be open; indeed, this is recommended if you want to be able to access your computer from other machines. If you want to use this machine to receive mails from others, you may choose to have an SMTP server on your machine receive these mails. In this case you should allow incoming connections to the SMTP server. Many FTP servers have had a long history of insecurities. It is advisable to leave incoming connections to such FTP services closed, and open them up in the firewall only when you need them. When you’ve finished, you should immediately cut off their access using the firewall. Setting Additional Language Support If you’re expecting to use multiple languages, you can select them in the next screen: 29
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Setting up the Firewall Setting up the Firewall The next screen of the installation relates to the setup of a network firewall for your machine. A network firewall protects your computer from attacks or intrusions from malicious crackers in the network, and we’ll learn more about configuring firewalls in Chapter 12. For now, Red Hat Linux provides you with three levels of network firewall security: Highly secure firewall: This level of security is suitable for those who are quite concerned about their security. Here, all incoming network connections are disallowed unless specifically listed in the services list on the screen. To facilitate normal working, only two exceptions are made - incoming DHCP connections are allowed so that the machine can configure itself, and incoming DNS replies are allowed so that Internet applications can work normally. Medium grade secure firewall: This is the default level of security, and is generally adequate while using the Internet. This level disallows incoming network connections to privileged ports like web, SMTP mail, etc. However, you can customize this level to allow certain incoming connections to services that your desktop is providing. For example, if you set up a web server on your machine and want others to access it, you can check the WWW option in the services list on the screen. No firewall: If you are unlikely to connect to the Internet, or if you are not concerned with cracking activities that can be directed by troublesome individuals on the Internet or your LAN, then you can select this option. This option doesn’t set up any firewall on your machine. In other words, it allows any outside individuals to access network resources on your computer. Note Selecting the No firewall option doesn’t necessarily mean that all users on the network have direct and unchecked access to your computer’s network resources. A firewall is just the first line of defense against intruders. Most network applications have some form of access control that decides who finally gets to use these resources. 28
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Setting the Network Parameters after the installation process is complete, via the Network Configuration dialog (Main Menu / System Settings / Network). By default, Red Hat Linux selects automatic network configuration of your computer using the DHCP protocol. Therefore, if you have a single desktop at a home or office environment, or if your machine exists in a LAN environment whose IP addresses are provided by a DHCP server, then you can skip this screen and proceed to the Firewall screen that comes next. However, if your machine exists in a LAN environment that requires static IP addresses, then you have an opportunity now to set your network configuration. Note Again, you don’t have to do this now; if you prefer, you can skip the network configuration at this stage and configure your network settings after the installation is complete, via the Network Configuration dialog. Manually Configuring the Network Devices If you choose to do it now, you can use your network configuration checklist to fill up the entries on the screen. First, click on the Edit button at the top section of the screen to bring up the network device configuration dialog box: Here, deselect the Configure using DHCP option, and enter the IP Address and Netmask details as per your network configuration checklist. For example, in the screenshot we have set the IP address and the network mask to 192.168.1.1 and 255.255.255.0 respectively. When you’ve set the network parameters, click OK; the Network Devices section will now reflect your new settings. Configuring DNS Hostname and Servers While you’re on this screen, you can also set the DNS hostname and the DNS servers (which you should have noted in your network configuration checklist). You can specify these values in the appropriate entry boxes near the bottom of the screen. At the end of your configuration, your screen should look something like this: 27

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Setting the Network Parameters In this example we are dealing with a new installation, and for this reason the screenshot above displays just a single option in this list. You can also set a boot loader password in this screen. A boot loader password prevents others from modifying the boot time parameters of the Linux kernel. Any user can, for example, boot the computer into a maintenance mode and then change the root password, thereby taking control of the whole computer. If your computer is unlikely to be handled by others, or if you implicitly trust others who will be using this computer, you can safely ignore this option. If you set a boot loader password, you should keep the password safely in your personal records. So, in most situations, you will not need to change anything in this screen. You can just click Next to move on. Setting the Network Parameters The installation process now takes you into the network configuration section. Your network configuration checklist will come in handy in this section: Note Note that if Red Hat Linux does not detect your network card automatically, your Network Devices table (at the top of the screen) might be empty. This will prevent you from setting the network parameters for your computer. If that happens, don’t panic; all the network parameters on the screen can be configured 26

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